This article investigates the patronage phenomenon in the italian, so called, Second Republic. In particular, the …, where the interests of political parties and districts may diverge, the formers would need patronage resource to assure … parliamentarians' loyalty does play a role in patronage appointments as well as the electoral result in the next electoral competition …

This study examines the economic globalization and the shadow economy nexus in Egypt. Using time series data from 1976 … to 2013, the impulse response analysis shows that the response of the shadow economy in Egypt to positive shocks in … globalization by reducing the costs of doing business and trade in dealing with sizable shadow economy in Egypt …

sector production. The model is calibrated to Egypt and used to study reforms such as reductions in energy subsidies with …

estimate the size of the shadow economy in Egypt during the last four decades (1976 to 2013). In addition to the standard …

a recession: (i) the lobbying of domestic, non-exporting firms, and (ii) the relationship between vulnerability, the …

allowing for the possibility that policymakers also may be influenced by the rent-seeking (lobbying) behavior of businesses …