We study the relationship between participation in free trade agreements (FTAs) and the sustainability of democracy … of regionalism and of worldwide democratization since the late 1980s …

Democracy usually is identified by the right to vote. However, in recent times voting procedures have been criticized … process. We suggest invigorating an old but nearly forgotten procedure to overcome this deficit: Aleatoric Democracy based on … considered. Persons and ideas, being so far disregarded, are taken into account. Democracy becomes vivid and creative, and does …

This paper shows how a world price shock can increase the likelihood that democratization must be used to resolve the … threat of revolution. Initially, a ruling elite may be able to use trade policy to maintain political stability. But a world … price shock can push the country into a situation where the elite face a commitment problem that only democratization can …

The paper reexamines Lipset's theory of democratization, by distinguishing the role of (economic) development from that … explanation of the positive relationship between economic development, education, and democratization, and of the negative … relationship between inequality and democratization. Furthermore, we obtain new insights on the resources-curse hypothesis and on …

This paper develops a new model of trade policy under dictatorship and democratization. The paper makes two … is to show how a dictatorship can manipulate trade policy to maintain its grip on power in the face of permanent world …

(equivalent to over 93 percent of the world population) from 1950 to 2014. Our results produce strong evidence for a positive …