uses 19th century US prison records to demonstrate that although modern BMIs have increased in the 20th century, 19th …

Using a new source of 19th century state prison records, this study contrasts the biological living conditions of …

. This paper introduces a new data set from the Missouri state prison to track black and white male heights from 1829 to 1913 …, whites were persistently taller than blacks in this Missouri prison sample. Over time, black and white adult statures …

1800s. Here, we use new data from the state prison in Ohio to track heights of black and white men from 1829 to 1913. We …

double dividend in that it reduces both minor offenses and more severe crime. We develop a model of criminal subcultures in … attractive for some people who would otherwise commit more severe crime. If social status is sufficiently important in criminal … subcultures, zero-tolerance reduces crime across the board …