perception of corruption and prevalence of bribe paying. We find that: (a) measures of political influence and corruption …/or have fewer competitors have more political influence, perceive corruption to be less of a problem and pay bribes less often …

Large-scale land acquisitions often take place in developing countries which are also known for their corruption …-friendliness caused by weak institutional frameworks. We hypothesize that corruption indeed leads to more land deals. We argue that … corrupt elites exploit poor institutional setups (characterized by corruption) to strike deals with domestic and international …

Habsburg affiliation increases current trust and reduces corruption in courts and police. Falsification tests of spuriously …

This paper argues that corruption in Russia is systemic in nature. Low wage levels of public officials provide strong … incentives to engage in corruption. As corruption is illegal, corrupt officials can be exposed any time, which enforces loyalty … towards the powers that be; thus corruption is a method of governance. We trace the systemic corruption back to the Mongolian …

educated labor force, provision of administrative and judicial services, the control of corruption and crime, and the stability …