The paper reexamines Lipset's theory of democratization, by distinguishing the role of (economic) development from that …-market aspirations - and forces the elite to expand redistribution. Along the lines of this trade-off, our theory provides a Lipsetian … explanation of the positive relationship between economic development, education, and democratization, and of the negative …

This paper develops a new model of trade policy under dictatorship and democratization. The paper makes two …

We study the relationship between participation in free trade agreements (FTAs) and the sustainability of democracy … of regionalism and of worldwide democratization since the late 1980s …

Democracy usually is identified by the right to vote. However, in recent times voting procedures have been criticized … process. We suggest invigorating an old but nearly forgotten procedure to overcome this deficit: Aleatoric Democracy based on … considered. Persons and ideas, being so far disregarded, are taken into account. Democracy becomes vivid and creative, and does …

This paper shows how a world price shock can increase the likelihood that democratization must be used to resolve the … price shock can push the country into a situation where the elite face a commitment problem that only democratization can … of national income per capita and democracy may not be positively correlated. The model is also useful for understanding …

have taken place. We test this unexplored implication of the theory empirically. We find in a world sample from 1970 to … probability of a transition from autocracy to democracy and reduces the probability of democratic survival …

democratization. I think of situations where this is a possibility as democratic tipping points. The transitory events I focus on are …

. To identify the reasons for this insufficient implementation in the past decade the Public Choice theory is used. The …

income. We explain this process of democratization as a rational way for incumbent elites to wage war effectively on other …