age 25 for East and West German youths: non-employment (i.e., unemployment or out of the labor force), permanent fulltime …

market and, on rigid labor markets, for unemployment. Exploiting variation in exit-exam systems across German states, we find … market, as well as with lower unemployment …

market and, on rigid labor markets, for unemployment. Exploiting variation in exit-exam systems across German states, we find … market, as well as with lower unemployment. …

large and persistent negative relationships between unemployment and the risk of repeated unemployment and being out of … unemployment has a negative effect on later labor market attachment. This is consistent with existing findings in the literature … present in the data before changing the inference. Thus, unemployment leaves young workers with long-term scars …

especially important early in the unemployment spell. Our results are robust across various specifications and for two …