instruments: pollution taxes, pollution permits and Kyoto-like numerical rules for emissions. The setup is the basic stochastic … neoclassical growth model augmented with the assumptions that pollution occurs as a by-product of output produced and environmental …-best policy instruments. We find that, in all cases studied, pollution permits are the worst policy choice, even when their …

either mitigate the health consequences of domestic pollution privately or reduce pollution collectively through public … ordinary citizens. The recognition that the health consequences of pollution can be dealt with privately at a cost adds an … private mitigation is feasible, inequality of incomes leads to an unequal distribution of the health burden of pollution (in …

This study compares energy and emission taxes used to control pollution and provide incentives for the adoption of an …-product technology. In the absence of economies of scope in the production of energy and abatement, the energy tax reduces pollution but … is ineffective in promoting technological change. The emission tax reduces pollution and is effective in promoting …

related to firm productivity and firm exports. Emission intensity is, however, negatively related to firms. productivity and …