-1994. The interaction of this pre-existing network structure with patent growth in upstream technology fields has strong …

in knowledge spillovers. Drawing on the NBER Patent Citations Database, we examine patent citations data at metropolitan … level within the U.S. and the 38 largest patent-cited countries outside the U.S. We present 3 key findings: First, we find … of cited patent, which implies that new knowledge faces the largest barriers to diffusion. However, over time, border and …

We examine the Nash equilibria of a game where two national governments set patent breadth strategically. Broader … North can innovate, harmonization of patent breadth lowers welfare relative to the Nash equilibrium. When both countries can … innovate, harmonization toward narrower patent breadth may raise world welfare …

-stage model in which choosing between patent and trade secrecy is affected by three parameters: the patent strength defined as the … small innovations are always patented. Furthermore, medium innovations are patented only when patent strength is … sufficiently high. Finally, we investigate a class of licensing agreements used to settle patent disputes between patent holders …

lower than the social planner's benchmark, which suggests a role for patent policy. We focus on a “non-infringing inventive … instrument in the form of patent length policy …