conditions are a major determinant of entrepreneurship. Higher local unemployment rates are found to increase the probability … individuals who are initially not employed respond more to high local unemployment rates by starting businesses than wage … influences resulting in higher levels of business creation. Using the regression estimates for the local unemployment rate …

This paper analyzes the strikingly different response of unemployment to the Great Recession in France and Spain. Their … labor market institutions are similar and their unemployment rates just before the crisis were both around 8%. Yet, in … France, unemployment rate has increased by 2 percentage points, whereas in Spain it has shot up to 19% by the end of 2009. We …

unemployment in a recession drawing upon a heterogeneous set of both income and middle-class definitions as well as an extensive … the baseline unemployment at the time of a recession, country spending on social protection and middle-class measurements …