data on tariffs and trade covering 130 countries. We show that regionalism has delivered limited effective liberalization …

Natural resources account for 20% of world trade, and dominate the exports of many countries. Policy is used to …

. Therefore, the current trend of reduction in tariffs on agricultural exports not only generates a positive welfare effect in the …

world markets. To explain higher protection in sectors where a large share is imported from these countries, we extend the …

Recent quantitative trade models treat import tariffs as pure cost shifters so that their effects are similar to … iceberg trade costs. We introduce revenue-generating import tariffs, which act as demand shifters, into the framework of … quantification based on countries' observed degrees of openness, tariff revenues, and on the gravity elasticities of tariffs and …

political debate about unilateral climate policies. Tariffs on the carbon embodied in imported goods from countries without … introduction of carbon tariffs can do more harm than good to domestic EITE industries. Two determinants drive the sign and … imported in intermediate inputs, industries might suffer from carbon tariffs. Secondly, the share of domestic output that is …

This paper shows how a world price shock can increase the likelihood that democratization must be used to resolve the … threat of revolution. Initially, a ruling elite may be able to use trade policy to maintain political stability. But a world … resolve. Because the world price shock may also reduce average incomes, the model provides a way to understand why the level …