The objective of this paper is twofold: first, to determine the immigrants’ ethnic identity, i.e. the degree of … ethnic identity on the immigrants’ employment outcomes. Using rich survey data from France and relying on a polychoric … principal component analysis, this paper proposes two richer measures of ethnic identity than the ones used in the literature …

provide evidence about group identity formation within historically homogeneous regions. We use several measures of stated and … associated with a strengthening of regional identity in the short, medium, and long run. We explain this in a model and document … that the establishment of regionalist organizations is a key mechanism to strengthen identity. A relatively stronger …