After World War II, town twinning became popular, notably in Germany. This was mainly a reaction to the war experience … other countries. The contacts created by town twinning also resulted in increased international access of the cities …. In this paper we investigate the effects of town twinning on population growth in German counties and municipalities. Our …

passenger road traffic, total external costs amount to about 44 ECU/1000 pkm on the route Frankfurt -Milan, including the impact … of the transport modes, external costs of passenger road traffic are about 9 times as high as those of rail traffic and … about twice as high as those of air traffic. For goods transport by road, the total external costs (30.6 ECU/1000 tkm) are …