Cnossen, Sijbren; Verwaal, Ernst - 2001
Instead of abolishing internal border controls in 1993, the European Union (EU) replaced them with VAT and statistical …, 5 per cent of the value of their intra-EU trade. This figure is probably higher for other EU Member States. Obviously …, the costs constitute a (differentiated) border tax that impedes intra-EU trade. The paper analyses the determinants of the …