We model EU countries' bank ratings using financial variables and allowing for intercept and slope heterogeneity. Our … aim is to assess whether "old" and "new" EU countries are rated differently and to determine whether "new" ones are … intercepts) are a crucial determinant of ratings. Whilst "new" EU countries typically have lower ratings than "old" ones, after …

industries) in 25 EU countries over the period from 1995 to 2005. By applying a cross-country and industry-specific approach, it …

In the course of the EU enlargement process, the participation of accession countries in the European Monetary Union …

European Union (EU) in the 1973, 1980s, 1995 and 2004 enlargements, if those countries had not joined the EU. We find large … positive effects from EU membership but these differ across countries and over time (they are only negative for Greece). We …

favor of remaining in the EU. Somewhat surprisingly, the intensity of immigration from the EU is positively correlated with …

Eastern European and Former Soviet Union countries diverged massively. Institutions are a main reason. The EU anchor thesis … posits that the prospect of membership in the European Union (EU) played a key role in filling in the institutional vacuum …, focusing on whether the prospect of EU membership accelerated institutional development and, if so, whether this was indeed …