, regions, or countries. The enlargement of the EU or the introduction of the euro, however, can be looked upon as integration … that go along with EU integration along the border. Both at the urban and regional level, we find a beneficial influence of … the EU integration process as measured by the growth in population share along the integration borders, leading to an …

structural model parameters for the NUTS II EU regions. These estimations enable us to come up with an empirically grounded free …-ness of trade parameter. In line with NEG theory, the estimation results show that a spatial wage structure exists for the EU … EU. Agglomeration forces appear to be rather localized. At the same time, confronting our empirical results with the …

to regain the severed ties with the EU. We analyze the economic consequences of these scenarios with a state … for each of these devolved nations conditional on a renewed trade deal with the EU. …

; most studies predict a trade and welfare loss for both the UK and the EU. The UK parliament has indicated that it aims for … for the EU. After reviewing all potential options, we have a simple answer to the question whether the UK has an … alternative for the existing trade agreement with the EU. The answer is: No. Only a trade agreement with the EU can compensate for …