cointegration relationship when country groups are considered. -- Africa ; energy consumption ; economic growth ; panel …

spatial resolution of 0.5o x 0.5o for all Africa over 1997-2010. Exploiting exogenous variations in world prices, we find a …-cycle) explains 15-25 percent of average country-level violence in Africa. We then document how the appropriation of a mining area by …

Using an extended data set of EU countries ranging from 1971-2006 and relevant econometric methods, we investigate the … economic, political, and institutional determinants of government deficits in the EU. The results show a strong opportunistic …

countries is mostly a characteristic of regions in old EU member states. We also find robust evidence of positive growth of …

deficits in the EU-15 over the period 1971-2006, both at a country-specific level and from a population-wide perspective …

period 1970-2007, for different EU and OECD country groupings. We use the panel-data approach of Kónya (2006), which is based … budget deficits to current account deficits for several EU countries: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France … deficit ; external imbalance ; real exchange rates ; EU ; OECD …