multinationals, are less likely to rely on imported or internally provided services. -- international trade ; services ; off-shoring …

outsourcing service functions previously provided within the firm, performed worse. In sum, our findings support the view that … firms tend to overestimate the benefits accruing from outsourcing of services previously provided internally. …

Our paper investigates the link between international outsourcing and wages utilising a large household panel and … combining it with industry level information on industries' outsourcing activities from input-output tables. By doing so we can … outsourcing has had a marked impact on wages. Distinguishing three skill categories we find evidence that outsourcing reduced the …

. Such outsourcing leads to increased wages for the remaining inhouse production. We find that stronger unions, which imply … higher domestic wages, reduce incentives for international outsourcing. Though somewhat surprising, this result provides a … theoretical reconciliation of the empirically observed trends of deunionization and increased international outsourcing in many …