multinationals, are less likely to rely on imported or internally provided services. -- international trade ; services ; off-shoring …

, that induces offshoring, is not necessarily welfare-enhancing for consumers, despite the lower cost of labor in the South …. In addition, firms which use the supplier's component intensively, offshore their supplier in the South using outsourcing …

We study ex post outsourcing of production in an imperfectly discriminating contest, interpreted here as a research … tournament or a procurement contest for being awarded some production contract. We find that the possibility of outsourcing …, outsourcing reduces the procurement costs of inducing a given level of effort if the contest organizer can collect entry fees …