We model EU countries' bank ratings using financial variables and allowing for intercept and slope heterogeneity. Our … aim is to assess whether "old" and "new" EU countries are rated differently and to determine whether "new" ones are … intercepts) are a crucial determinant of ratings. Whilst "new" EU countries typically have lower ratings than "old" ones, after …

industries) in 25 EU countries over the period from 1995 to 2005. By applying a cross-country and industry-specific approach, it …

In the course of the EU enlargement process, the participation of accession countries in the European Monetary Union …

The EU has long viewed economic and institutional convergence as important goals, but the results thus far have been … necessary? What steps can be taken to improve convergence in the EU, and how can success be defined? Finally, how much …

Recent public debate on the costs and benefits of EU membership has focused more on the costs and less on the benefits … optimal state. Membership of the EU is beneficial for countries with weak enforcement institutions, but it may worsen the … welfare of countries with strong regulatory institutions. Infringement statistics indicate that no member state of the EU has …

favor of remaining in the EU. Somewhat surprisingly, the intensity of immigration from the EU is positively correlated with …