The EU has long viewed economic and institutional convergence as important goals, but the results thus far have been … necessary? What steps can be taken to improve convergence in the EU, and how can success be defined? Finally, how much …

within the EU and how this changed between 1980 and 2008. We present several novel empirical regularities that paint a … heterogeneity within member states themselves, or in well functioning federations such as the US, cultural diversity across EU …

EU economies between 2000 and 2016. The relevance of this topic stems both from the far-reaching implications of real …