detrended data for personal consumption expenditures and manufacturing output suggest that the U.S. economy has recovered to … near 90% of pre-pandemic levels as of March 2021, our structural VAR model shows that the component of manufacturing output …

Production capital and technology, fundamental to understanding output and productivity growth, are unobserved except … of capital and technology for the sample period. We apply the method to annual data from 1947-97 for U.S. total … manufacturing and compare the estimates with those reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. …

policy outcomes. Surprisingly, past studies have found mixed evidence that various labor market and industry attributes of …