core. The estimated model matches four facts about banks' Tobin's Q that summarize bank leverage dynamics. (1) Book and … nor market leverage constraints are binding for most banks; (4) bank leverage and Tobin's Q are mean reverting but highly …

The moral hazard incentives of the bank safety net predict that distressed banks take on more risk and higher leverage … include financial crises and are subject to different regulatory regimes (1985–1994, 2005–2014). We find that distressed banks …

loan from a fintech lender than a traditional bank. Among conventional lenders, smaller banks were much less likely to lend … to Black-owned firms, while the Top-4 banks exhibited little to no disparity after including controls. We use novel data …’ higher rate of borrowing from fintechs compared to smaller banks is particularly large in places with high racial animus …