facto JI focusing on countries actually experience. Whether JI affects economic growth is tested for a cross section of 57 … countries. While de iure JI does not have an impact on real GDP growth per capita growth, de facto JI positively influences it. …

strongly con-firms previous results that de jure JI is not systematically related to economic growth, but de facto JI is highly … significantly and robustly correlated with growth. In addition, we show that the effect of de facto JI depends on the institutional …

JI has a robust and highly significant impact on economic growth. Individual components of both de jure and de facto JI … on economic growth are estimated for their impact on economic growth. Additionally, the effects of other institutional …