address the following questions. How are macroeconomic shocks transmitted to bank risk and other banking variables? What are … the sources of bank heterogeneity, and what explains differences in individual banks' responses to macroeconomic shocks …? Our paper has two main findings: (i) Average bank risk declines, and average bank lending increases following expansionary …

Macroprudential policies are often aimed at the commercial banking sector, while a host of other non-bank financial … institutions, or shadow banks, may not fall under their jurisdiction. We study the effects of tightening commercial bank regulation … requirements on commercial banks increase shadow bank lending, which may have adverse financial stability effects. Coordinating …

The European Central Bank (ECB) took many measures to combat the eurozone's rolling financial crisis. For providing …