of partial US sanctions decreases trade by 16 percent. When complete export and import sanctions are implemented, US …, respectively. In contrast, the application of partial export and import sanctions leads to a decrease in trade by 13 percent and 17 …

Firms adjust to differences in market size and demand uncertainty by changing the frequency and size of their export … well as inventory and per shipments costs. Using a cross section of monthly firm-product-destination level French export … uncertainty by reducing their sales and, for a given export volume, by reducing their number of shipments and increasing their …

and empirically the influence of variable and fixed export costs in explaining the likely heterogeneity in the trade … motivate theoretically the roles of variable trade costs and of fixed and variable export costs, respectively, for explaining … variables, capturing variable and fixed export costs. Fourth, we show that such estimated heterogeneous effects can predict 83 …