The economic effects of federalism are unclear: some papers find that federalism has strong positive effects on a number of economically relevant variables, others find negative effects. The results often crucially hinge upon the proxies for federalism used. In this paper, we critically survey...

This paper studies correlates and determinants of direct democracy institutions (DDIs), such as referendums and initiatives, based on the premise that constitutions themselves are endogenous. Our sample covers as many as 132 countries from 1950 to 2006. We find that the likelihood that a country...

This paper explores the idea that institutional details matter and that attempts to estimate the economic effects of federalism by employing a simple dummy variable neglect potentially important institutional details. Based on a principal component analysis, seven aspects of both federalism and...

Der Aufbauprozeß in den neuen Bundesländern kommt in letzter Zeit nur noch schleppend voran. Der Schwung, den die rasche Privatisierung der Betriebe und die massive finanzielle Unterstützung der Investitionstätigkeit ausgelöst haben, ist verlorengegangen. Die Hoffnungen auf einen...