Language is a strong and robust determinant of international trade patterns: Countries sharing a common language trade … that this trade-promoting effect of language is likely to reflect cultural ties, rather than lower costs of communication … local dialect between regions have a sizable and significant positive impact on intra-national trade. We interpret this …

We study the effect of international trade and freeness of trade (openness) on interregional inequality within … on weighted trade shares and trade costs. In addition to the standard trade-to-GDP ratio, we derive and propose an … aggregate freeness-of-trade measure based on phiness of trade. Both measures are instrumented by proxies constructed from …

on the volume of intermediate goods trade and the number of varieties produced are mutually reinforcing, resulting in a …

regional inequality. Geography, mobility and trade openness are also highly important. …

We investigate the empirical impact of violence as compared to other trade impediments on trade flows. Our analysis is … of terrorism, as well as internal and external conflict is equivalent to as much as a 30 percent tariff on trade. This is …