the 1790s and later under Napoleon invaded and controlled large parts of Europe. Together with invasion came various …

spice markets were already well integrated with those in Iberia and northern Europe, implying that Portugal could not have … relative spice prices, that is, accounting for inflation. It also draws on evidence from Iberia and northern Europe. In …

This paper documents that the Rise of (Western) Europe between 1500 and 1850 is largely accounted for by the growth of …. Atlantic trade and colonialism affected Europe both directly, and indirectly by inducing institutional changes. In particular …, thus enabling new merchants in these countries to benefit from Atlantic trade. Therefore, the Rise of Europe was largely …

much less, in (continental) Europe over the same time period. I review the two most popular explanations for these … differential trends: that relative supply of skills increased faster in Europe, and that European labor market institutions … where labor market institutions creating wage compression in Europe also encourage more investment in technologies …