physical settlement during the second market phase of the EU ETS. We employ a series of estimation methods that allow for an …

between the two imbalances for each country for the period 1970-2007, and for different EU and OECD country groupings. The … balances. -- Budget balance ; external balance ; EU ; panel cointegration …

, we study the causality between government spending and revenue for the EU in the period 1960-2006. We find spend … Finland and the UK, and for several EU New Member States. Moreover, in the run-up to EMU there was some shifting away from a … spend-and-tax strategy, implying adjustments of fiscal behaviour. -- panel causality ; fiscal policy ; EU …

period 1970-2007, for different EU and OECD country groupings. We use the panel-data approach of Kónya (2006), which is based … budget deficits to current account deficits for several EU countries: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France … deficit ; external imbalance ; real exchange rates ; EU ; OECD …

-term yields ; EU ; financial integration ; panel cointegration ; bootstrap …

This paper studies various options to support allowance prices in the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS), such as … adjusting the cap, an auction reserve price, and fixed and variable carbon taxes in addition to EU ETS. We use a dynamic … at the EU Member State level. We find that both a variable carbon tax and an auction reserve price support effective …