income shock in the EU, compared to 32 per cent in the US. In the case of an unemployment shock 48 per cent of the shock are … absorbed in the EU, compared to 34 per cent in the US. This cushioning of disposable income leads to a demand stabilization of … 26 to 35 per cent in the EU and 19 per cent in the US. There is large heterogeneity within the EU. Automatic stabilizers …

We analyse the economic impact of using carbon pricing revenue to fund the EU budget. Such a reform would redistribute … implemented, the low carbon countries will prefer a lower carbon price, i.e. laxer climate policy at the EU level, than before the … reform. For high carbon countries the opposite is true. As a result, EU climate policy becomes less ambitious and less …

affected the cushioning of income shocks in the Euro zone and the EU-27 in the period 2007-2014. We propose a new summary …