transition from Malthusian stagnation to modern economic growth. This paper contributes to the literature on the child quantity …

In a model with endogenous fertility and labor supply three instruments of family policies are analyzed: child benefits …, subsidies for external child care, and parental leave payments. We compare the impact on the quantity and quality of children …, the secondary earner's labor supply and welfare. Child benefits and subsidies for external child care are more effective …

first child raised fertility and increased the probability that the family was living without a father. We find that for our … more recent period, having a female first child still raises the likelihood of living without a father, but is instead … have a female first child have significantly higher fertility and are more likely to be living without a father (though not …