Platform interoperability is considered a powerful tool to promote competition in digital markets when network effects …. When one ("large") platform has an installed base of customers, its incentive to make its services interoperable is lower … than for the other, smaller platform. However, mandating interoperability between the asymmetric platforms is not always …

We present a general and tractable oligopoly model of multi-sided platforms with endogenous side and platform choices … characterize optimal platform pricing. Using the equilibrium conditions, we formally derive (across sides and platforms) switching …-subsidization" result. We then provide a unifying framework to analyze multi-sided platform mergers, which rationalizes mixed results from …

We study a platform's design of membership and transaction fees when sellers compete and buyers cannot observe the … prices and features of goods without incurring search costs. The platform alleviates sellers' competition by charging them …

platform, leading to the implication that a platform can maximize its total profits by subsidizing one of its sides. We show … fill this gap by developing a model for platform competition in a differentiated setting (a Hoteling line), which is … that when both sides in a platform market multi-home, the strategic interdependence between the two sides of the same …

incumbent when there is only one platform at equilibrium. …

We propose an analysis of platform competition based on the academic literature with a view towards competition policy …, we underline the role of dynamics, but also of platform differentiation, consumers multi-homing and beliefs to allow … competition in platform markets. Second, we analyse competition policy issues and discuss how rules designed for standard markets …

quality of their search algorithms. I study the impact of this heterogeneity in consumer surplus, seller profits and platform … revenue. I show that the dominant platform will typically induce higher prices but that consumers may benefit from asymmetries …

? We study these questions using the staggered introduction of Craigslist - the world's largest online platform for …