barrier to increasing coverage rates, as many high-income countries faced prolonged vaccine refusal campaigns. In Japan … coverage for a vaccine that was offered at no financial cost was still surprisingly difficult in Japan. In many countries …’ controversial social distancing mandates. In Japan, lockdowns were voluntary, and vaccinations were also not mandated. As there were …

the two World Wars. This paper focuses on Japan, which as a minor participant, was not directly affected by World War I … interventions (NPIs) in determining the economic impact of the pandemic. We do so by focusing on the production and employment in … Japan was at the time). We investigate the role of NPIs in ameliorating the economic costs for the sector during the …