Over the last millennium, the clan and the corporation have been the loci of cooperation in China and Europe …

and decay of clusters of creativity? We match data on notable individuals born in Europe between the XIth and the XIXth …

Western Europe. An important factor, recognized in the literature, is that China centralized state institutions very early on …, while Europe remained politically fragmented for much longer. These initial differences, however, were amplified by the … different social organizations (clans in China, corporate structures in Europe) that spread in these two societies at the turn …