employments in 19th-century Japan permits us to apply this approach to answer the following counterfactual: What factor … 1865-1876? Over the entire period, we find that trade was revealed to be equivalent to a 5.5% increase in Japan's female …. -- gains from trade ; factor augmentation equivalent to trade ; natural experiment of Japan …

We exploit Japan's 19th century move from autarky to free trade to provide the first test of the general validity of … a single refutable prediction on the economy's factor content of trade. Our test combines factor price data from Japan …'s late autarky period with Japan's factor content of trade calculated with the technologies of the country of origin of …