may be positive or negative, depending on foreign countries' trade position. -- innovation ; financial development ; R …

Innovation is part idea generation and part development. We build a model of "innovating-by-doing," whereby ideas come … to practitioners. Successful innovation requires that practitioners' ideas be developed through costly effort. Our model ….S. Medicare program on medical equipment innovation. Our model’s structure allows us to infer the Medicare program's aggregate …

innovation. We use machine learning tools to develop new data describing the aspects of medical and mechanical innovations that … patenting in other medical and mechanical technology classes. Second, we find that the Civil War led inventors to focus broadly …