supply on automation innovation by exploiting an immigrant placement policy in Germany during the 1990s and 2000s. Difference …-in-differences estimates indicate that one additional worker per 1,000 manual and unskilled workers reduces automation innovation by 0 …-skilled workers. Labor market tightness and external demand are plausible mechanisms for the labor-innovation nexus. …

between robot imports and employment, exogenous changes in automation lead to job losses. We also find that robot imports … result suggests that productivity gains from automation may not be entirely passed on to consumers in the form of lower …