after the reform: transitions from welfare to employment became more likely and persistence in welfare and inactivity … declined. We observe a large relative increase in transitions from employment to welfare. Immigrants ́responsiveness to the …

establishments (0-9 employees), subsidized Minijob employment comprises large shares of the work force, on average over 40 percent …. For these establishments, robust evidence shows that increasing the subsidization of Minijob employment crowds out non …-subsidized employment. Our results imply that Minijob employment in 2014 may have eliminated more than 0.5 million unsubsidized employment …