exposure to these automation technologies affects employment and wages across these different phases of their life cycle. We … find that the negligible long term impact of automation on employment conceals significant short term positive and negative … effects within phases of the technology life cycle. We also find that the negative impact of ICT investment on employment is …

the participation of EU countries and industries in Global Value Chains (GVCs) and their employment structure over the … period 2000-2014. The empirical analysis is based on country/industry level data for 21 EU countries on employment, trade in … partners. We study the employment structure by looking at the shares of managers and manual workers, which reflect the …