In this paper, we develop a life cycle model in which health and longevity are threatened by infectious and chronic … diseases. The model captures that the susceptibility and severity of infectious diseases depend on the accumulated health … deficits (immunosenescence) and that the life history of infections affects the accumulation of chronic health deficits …

socioeconomic disparities in health outcomes. We also explore the individual-specific effects of Long Covid. We develop and … calibrate a health economic model based on principles of the biology of human aging that captures the interaction between … infections and chronic health deficits. Our analysis suggests that neglecting this interaction leads to a gross underestimation …

This paper discusses the relationship between medical innovations and ageing from a health economics perspective and … surveys empirical evidence on medical R&D incentives, R&D costs of pharmaceuticals, and the cost-effectiveness of health … conceptualization of ageing as an accumulation of health deficits. The paper also discusses the role of medical progress for longevity …