teacher), with no crowding out of other school resources or parental support. However, the reform did not improve test scores … school environment from the students' perspective, but with the largest impact on aspects most weakly associated with better …

) of Norwegian schools, where between-school differences are smaller than in the US. I find that VA indicators are able to … predict in-school performance without bias. Furthermore, VA is strongly related to long-term outcomes, and differences between … differences in school quality, rather than unobserved student characteristics. Analyses of teacher grades and exam scores suggest …

longitudinal matched employer-employee data set from Austria. Our results show that firms with strong preferences for …

analysis is based on a mandated rule for employer-provided retirement benefits in Austria that creates discontinuities in the …