violates IPR cannot legally export in a country that enforces them. Moreover free-riders cannot prevent others to copy their …

currently applied tariffs are "too high," the implication being that there are still tariff reductions out there for an … agreement like the WTO to facilitate. These three areas include applied tariffs for countries that are not members of the WTO …, applied tariffs for WTO members that are unbound, and applied tariffs for WTO members set in the presence of large amounts of …

ownership and access to external finance affect the likelihood of manufacturers in emerging markets to export and/or import … firm will export or import. Foreign ownership has a large positive impact on the likelihood to engage in direct trade but a …

evidence for sequential sorting into different export-modes according to firm productivity: i) only the most productive firms … export to low-income countries, ii) exporting to low-income countries is mostly coupled to exporting to high-income countries …, and iii) firms that switch to export to markets with higher potential are younger than firms that switch to export to both …