, there was little or no trade diversion away from the EU, implying that many of the anticipated long-run effects of Brexit … did not materialize before the new UK-EU trade relationship came into force in 2021. …

computable general equilibrium trade model calibrated with the latest version of the GTAP database to simulate the effect of … doubling non-tariff barriers - both unilateral and reciprocal - between the two blocks on trade and welfare. Imposing trade … to cooperate rather than turning away from each other. By imposing a trade war on Russia, the political West could …

We investigate the effects of US-imposed trade sanctions on the global trade patterns of sanctioned countries by … partial and complete US sanctions lead to significant reductions in bilateral trade between the US and target countries as … well as between target and third countries. A unit increase in the intensity of complete trade sanctions in place reduces …