In this paper we show that price equalization alone is not sufficient to determine the barriers to international trade …. There are many barrier combinations that deliver price equalization, but each combination implies a different volume of … goods will deliver price equalization in capital goods, but cannot reproduce the observed trade flows. -- international …

The conventional view, as expounded by sticky-price models, is that price adjustment determines the PPP reversion rate …. This study examines the mechanism by which PPP deviations are corrected. Nominal exchange rate adjustment, not price …

shocks have large and persistent price effects, while output effects tend to be moderate. The 2022 natural gas price spike … was driven by adverse supply shocks and positive storage demand shocks, as Germany filled its inventories before the … winter. Counterfactual simulations of an embargo on natural gas imports from Russia indicate similar positive price and …

We introduce a new hybrid approach to joint estimation of Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) for high … lower cost in capital reserves. In ES estimation the hybrid model yields the smallest error statistics surpassing even the … ; extreme value theory ; bootstrapping …