In 1998 the Norwegian government introduced a program that increased parents' incentives to stay home with children … under the age of three. Many eligible children had older siblings, and we investigate how this program affected long …

data set. In particular, this alternative estimator allows us to exploit the information on children with no siblings in …

(CEL) of 1997, and the differentiation in its implementation across regions, as instruments for schooling of young mothers … education of mothers increases the probability of completing the full course of DPT and Hepatitis B vaccinations for their … children. Furthermore, education increases the age of first marriage and birth, changes women's and their spouse's labour …

, in the medium run, the effects of the reform are insignificant for both male and female children. The sons of treated … mothers are perceived as still having worse health at older ages, even if their objective health status has recovered. These … boys are also more likely to have private health insurance, which suggests more concerned mothers. …

non-mothers who work and mothers who do not work are more likely to agree that pre-school children suffer if mothers work …’s employment on children’s wellbeing (which proxy traditional gender attitudes). Drawing on a large, representative and …

's counterfactual work behavior. We show that extending parental leave has significant positive effects on children's health and human … provided by mothers (or formal institutions) is superior to informal care arrangements. …

for both mothers and children, measured at primary-school age, and broke the intergenerational association of these …

children with lower (observed and unobserved) gains are more likely to select into child care than children with higher gains …. This pattern of reverse selection on gains is driven by unobserved family background characteristics: children from … disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to attend child care than children from advantaged backgrounds but have larger treatment …

indicate that mothers are in a worse physical condition if their children attend formal care, whereas no such effect is found … with regard to mothers ́mental health. Overall, there is evidence that mothers placing their children in formal day care … concerned with how mothers ́mental and physical health is affected by whether they place their child in formal day care or not …

that the child penalty is higher for young, low-wage mothers and those taking longer leaves. It is larger in firms with …