this paper is an observation-based analysis conducted by visiting selected paper mills in Finland, the U.S., Germany and …

both crucial for the emergence of outsourcing. The supplier purposefully avoids industry pro.t maximization to enlarge its …

multiple complementary inputs and the entry of a supplier into the final good market gives rise to mutual outsourcing of inputs … between the encroaching supplier and the incumbent. We show that, post encroachment, mutual outsourcing between the competing … mutual outsourcing. Our analysis yields novel managerial, empirical and policy implications. …

input supplier (vertical integration vs. outsourcing), as well as the location of intermediate input production (offshore vs … intensity, but favors outsourcing in industries of high sourcing intensity. Moreover, we find that productivity boosts …

firms that are consistent with stylized facts from the recent empirical literature. -- multinational firms ; outsourcing …