the social infrastructure of a potential enemy. War using conventional weapons may be preceded by or combined with a war … likelihood of a war reducing the deterrence. …

greater arming. With data from the years surrounding the end of the Cold War, we exploit the contrasting implications of trade …

This paper presents a general equilibrium model of conflict based on a world populated by representative democracies … international conflict. In this paper, we investigate whether this motive is sufficiently important for war to persist in … Immanuel Kant (1795, 1991) always exists. The reason is that in the absence of the threat of war, leaders are unable to divert …

income. We explain this process of democratization as a rational way for incumbent elites to wage war effectively on other …

to go to war with each other, even after controlling for a wide set of measures of geographic distance and other factors …

quo without arming (or unarmed peace) and open conflict (or war) that is possibly destructive. With a focus on outcomes … that are immune to both unilateral deviations and coalitional deviations, we find that, depending on war’s destructive …, but only when the configuration of parameters describing the degree of output security and the degree of war's destruction …

War, whether external or internal, large or small, is a costly endeavor. Loss of life, loss of close friends or family …, and the destruction of material possessions all play a part in the costs of war. The purpose of this paper is to capture …-peaceful world. But how much would individual be willing to pay to avoid just the economic costs of conflict? Remarkably, even these …

of winning a war implies a very simple and intuitive objective of economic warfare: maximize one's own less the opponent … in peace but, surprisingly, the price may be lower. The analysis shows when trade will altogether collapses in war and … climate-change mitigation) remains a prisoner's-dilemma game also in war, and cooperation may be impossible also under …