gains taxation, innovation subsidies, public R&D spending and other policy initiatives. …

We study the causal impact of invalidating marginally valid patents during post-grant opposition at the European Patent … participation of a patent's original examiner in the opposition division as an instrument. We find a disciplinary effect of … invalidation: Affected inventors file 20% fewer patent applications in the decade after the decision. This effect is entirely …

Innovation is part idea generation and part development. We build a model of "innovating-by-doing," whereby ideas come … to practitioners. Successful innovation requires that practitioners' ideas be developed through costly effort. Our model ….S. Medicare program on medical equipment innovation. Our model’s structure allows us to infer the Medicare program's aggregate …

increase mirroring the social cost of carbon. We find that the induced clean innovation response primarily comes from existing …

We construct a tractable general equilibrium model of cumulative innovation and growth, in which new ideas strictly … lower than the social plannerś benchmark, which suggests a role for patent policy. We focus on a "non-infringing inventive … the rate of innovation, as well as a separate optimal required inventive step that maximizes welfare, with the former …