How effective are "smart" sanctions in imposing costs on an adversary? We consider this question in a model where a targeted regime may choose to "shield" strategically important firms from harm. Using detailed firm and individual data, we estimate the impact on firm performance from smart...

We study the extent to which migrant inflows to the United States affect the political polarization of campaign donors and the ideology of politicians campaigning for the House of Representatives in the 1992-2016 period. Implementing various polarization measures based on ideology data derived...

This paper analyses the impact of skilled migrants on the innovation (patenting) activity of French firms between 1995 and 2010, and investigates the underlying mechanism. We present district-level and firm-level estimates and address endogeneity using a modified version of the shift-share...