to study the impact of economic sanctions on international trade in the mining sector, which includes oil and natural gas …. We demonstrate that the gravity equation is well suited to model bilateral trade in mining and find that sanctions have … been effective in impeding mining trade. Our analysis reveals that complete trade sanctions have reduced bilateral mining …

the world’s five largest importers for the period from 2002-2006, we find that the reporting gaps are highly correlated …

. We study whether and where mining is possible in such countries without raising the risk of civil conflict. We proceed in … (planned and unplanned) mining projects in Sierra Leone. A crucial insight is that new mining projects do not necessarily …

, while external integration worsened after World War I and again with the Great Depression, in part because of border changes …

. We show that free entry places an upper-bound on mining revenues and we devise a structural framework to measure its …